4 Actual Concepts In American Society Essay Example for Free

4 Actual Concepts In American Society studyExplain at least 4 actual concepts that you see in our American Society today that were mentioned in 1984. Orwells groundbreaking dystopian saucy, 19 Eighty-Four, may or may not have been composed as a futuristic novel, portending political and sociological phenomena. Whether or not Orwell intended his novel to predict future trends or simply illuminate existing realities, a number of the political concepts portrayed in the novel have real-life connotations even in a democratic society. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, telescreens exist in every household and similarly in public argonas. Additionally, hidden microphones and cameras be spread egress through the public and private domains to catch any potential enemies of the state. In contemporary America, video cameras have been installed in public areas notably in inner-cities and also in the suburbs. An article byLynn Marotta examines the ver-increasing number of public surveillance and the seemingly public ambivalence about such tacticsWhat started as a mere(a) way to monitoring device security around the perimeter of public places has evolved to a point where anyone can install a hidden video camera and monitor that video from anywhere in the ground directly over the Internet. In addition, the integration of traffic cameras, and face recognition software give law enforcement the great power to track and identify virtually anyone without us even knowing it.See more Beowulf essay essay (Marotta). Orwell also posits the concept of doublethink in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Doublethink is the top executive to hold contradictory popular opinions simultaneously, to forget facts which contradict this ability. Doublethink is one of musical compositiony examples in Nineteen Eighty-Four which demonstrate the power language has over thought and belief systems. American culture is rife with examples of doublethink perhaps the most notable contemporary example is the widesp read and contradictory beliefs in Americas military power, with the democracys population able to believe simultaneously that America is the worlds greatest iltarty power, worthy of invading and occupying foreign countries and policing the world, and ye we are told again and again how vulnerable we are and how dangerous are our enemies North korea, Iran, and radical Islam to name a few. Another Orwellian concept the Two Minute Hate showed the enemies of the party on a huge video screen with all manner of perversion and aggression, set to inspire terror among the population of Oceania. The American counterpart to the two Minute Hate can witnessed on any channels nightly news when individuals such as the Iranian President or the instigative leader Al Sadr are sh confess as menacing threats to the American way of life and also as the progenitors of the Iraki war, when it was actually the U.S. who invaded and has brought terror and ruin to the Iraqi state and population.Nineteen E ighty-Four posits language as a key aspect of thought manipulation. Nowhere is this idea more explicit than in Orwells concept of newspeak. This is language reduced to remove any sense of liberation or specificity in speech or thought. An example of newspeak at work in contemporary America is the sue of the term collateral damage to describe the killing of thousands of civilians during the ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.2) Oedipus was doomed from birth. Trace backe this fate of Oedipus to the origin of the disaster and arrive at the ulimate end to the family disaster in Antigone.The fact the Oedipus was born illegitimately that he was a bastard forms the central theme for the ultimate tragedy in Oedipus Rex. When Oedipus begins his quest to the Oracle of English Delphi to confirm his parentage, the Oracle relates a same prophecy that Oedipus will kill his father and marry his mother. Later, when Oedipus kills an unarmed man who demands that Oedipus give way of the road, this man is in fact King Laius, Oedipus father. After Oedipus dispatches the Sphinx he is given the throne of Thebes and weds Jocasta, a widow who is in fact his mother. soon afterward, Thebes falls into a state of pollution and degeneracy. A soothsayer tells oedipus that he is the cause of the citys misfortunes.When oedipus finally realizes that origins of his birth that he is the son of Laius and Jocasta, his world comes tumbling down. Jocasta, his mother and wife hangs herself in the closet, in the chamber where they had been sexually intimate. In response, Oedipus blinds himself by forcing her brooch pins into his eyes. The origin of the tragedy is in Oedipus seeking the the true of his birth the origin of tragedy is in his illegitimacy.((3) Macbeth was only as evil as his motivating forces. Explain fully the fate and the two most heavy motivating forces of Macbeth and his downfall The most important motivating factors for Macbeths downfall emerge from his will to power and his a ttempt to twist fate into a worry he chooses. Specifically, the will to power is embodied by his wife, lady Macbeth, and fate is embodied by the three witches who prophesied both his rise and fall to and from the throne. With his wifes intrigue and cajoling, as well as the prophecy of the three witches, Macbeth believes himself fated to occupy the throne of Scotland. However, in order to embrace what he believes is his good-fate, Macbeth must beam murder. When Lady Macbeth approaches Macbeth with her intent to kill King Duncan, Macbeth displays some trepidation about doing so however his wifes persuasiveness enables him to go through with what he realizes is an immoral act. After the murder, when Macbeths conscience plagues him, Lady Macbeth enjoins him to act normally and lay his conscience aside as she has done. Macbeths ultimate downfall rises from his own conscience and his ambivalent embracing of his newly stolen powers as King. As Macbeths sanity splinters, Lady Macbeth also begins to be haunted by her own conscience.. She hallucinates spy of blood on her hands and washes them, saying, out, out damn spot. Macbeths downfall is spurred by the deterioration of his wifes sanity as it was Lady Macbeths hitherto resolve which empowered Macbeth to act so rashly in the first place. Macbeths fall is due directly to his pursuit of ambition and power, which are given birth by the witches prophecy and his wifes explicit ambitions. Only at the end does Macbeth realize his true mistake as he struts and frets his hour upon the stage. Here, he acknowledges that he has been at best an actor of fates script, and at worse, a mere puppet to his wifes ambitions or a kind of prop for fate itself to play out a never-ending lesson of morality. Macbeths true life has bene put aside to enact this social function which occasioned murder and insanity an the downfall of Kings. His ambitions and the commission of murder have caught up with and surpassed his original vision of fat e now, as the play reaches its tragic conclusion, the true habit of his ambitions and crimes are shown, not as a will to power, but as a will toward learning the lessons of ambition and crime. Rather than a King, his life and ambitions are show to be a mere pawn in fates endless drama.Work CitedMarotta, Lynn Surveillance cameras and solitude concerns is the invasion of public privacy worth it? Video Surveillance Guide, 2006. http//www.video-surveillance-guide.com/surveillance-cameras-and-privacy.htm

Hospital Automation System Essay Example for Free

Hospital automation System EssayThe team has planned to develop a Hospital Automation System for the well knownhospital called Pannipitiya Nursing Home. Currently the client company depends on an error prone software administration and a large amount of manual work. Development of a new systemwill help the client company to minimize the work load they handle manually and to eliminatethe faults and errors of the existing software system.This proposed system handles the correct hospital work load under seven major functions namely OPD, IPD, Medical laboratory, Pharmacy and stores, Doctor services, Alertsystem and report generation and Billing system. The new system will be having key benefitsover existing system such as high performance due to the immediate updating service provided by the system, reduce errors of putting unnecessary purchase orders, access to fullydetailed description about the patient regarding their medical reports, doctors will be pre -alerted about the appointment details of the day and indeed the doctor can manage visiting time,reduce human effort and the cost spends to train new employees etc.

Role of the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)

Role of the Industrial victimisation depository pecuniary groundwork of India (IDBI)The hopeing Industry was erstwhile a simple and reliable personal line of credit that took deposits from investors at a lower interest roll and loaned it out to borrowers at a higher rate.However deregulating and technology led to a revolution in the Banking Industry that saw it transformed. Banks have become global industrial powerhouses that have created ever more mazy products that use risk and securitisation in models that only PhD students cornerstone down the stairsstand. Through technology tuition, banking run have become available 24 hours a day, 365 days a week, with ATMs, at online bankings, and in electroni keyy enabled exchanges where everything from stocks to currency futures contracts can be traded.Indian banking painsThe resurrectth in the Indian Banking Industry has been more qualitative than quantitative and it is expected to remain the same in the coming course of s tudys. Based on the projections made in the India Vision 2020 prepargond by the Planning rush and the Draft 10th Plan, the report forecasts that the pace of expansion in the balance-sheets of banks is likely to decelerate. The total assets of all scheduled commercial banks by end-March 2010 is estimated at Rs 40,90,000 crores. That leave personify about 65 per cent of GDP at current market prices as compargond to 67 per cent in 2002-03. Bank assets are expected to grow at an annual composite rate of 13.4 per cent during the rest of the decade as against the growth rate of 16.7 per cent that existed between 1994-95 and 2002-03. It is expected that there pull up s fritters be large additions to the nifty of the United States base and reserves on the liability side.The Indian Banking Industry can be categorized into non-scheduled banks and scheduled banks. Scheduled banks establish of commercial banks and co-operative banks. There are about 67,000 branches of Scheduled banks spr ead across India. As far as the present scenario is concerned the Banking Industry in India is pass through a transitional phase.The Public Sector Banks(PSBs), which are the base of the Banking sector in India account for more than 78 per cent of the total banking industry assets. Unfortunately they are burdened with excessive Non Performing assets (NPAs), massive manpower and lack of modern technology. On the other hand the Private Sector Banks are making tremendous progress. They are leaders in Inter lettuce banking, mobile banking, phone banking, ATMs. As far as overseas banks are concerned they are likely to succeed in the Indian Banking Industry.In the Indian Banking Industry some of the Private Sector Banks operating are IDBI Bank, ING Vyasa Bank, SBI Commercial and International Bank Ltd, Bank of Rajasthan Ltd. and banks from the Public Sector include Punjab National bank, Vijaya Bank, UCO Bank, Oriental Bank, Allahabad Bank among others. ANZ Grindlays Bank, ABN-AMRO Bank, American Express Bank Ltd, Citibank are some of the foreign banks operating in the Indian Banking Industry.Industrial outgrowth Bank of India (IDBI)The Industrial festering Bank of India (IDBI) was established on July 1, 1964 under an present of Parliament as a only owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India. In 16 February 1976, the ownership of IDBI was transferred to the G everyplacenment of India and it was made the principal monetary institution for coordinating the activities of institutions engaged in financing, promoting and developing industry in the country. Although Government shareholding in the Bank came down below light speed% following IDBIs public issue in July 1995, the former continues to be the major shareholder (current shareholding 52.3%). During the four decades of its existence, IDBI has been instrumental not only in establishing a well-developed, diversified and efficient industrial and institutional structure but similarly adding a qualitative dime nsion to the process of industrial festering in the country.IDBI has vie a pioneering role in fulfilling its mission of promoting industrial growth through financing of medium and long-term projects, in consonance with national plans and priorities. Over the years, IDBI has enlarged its basket of products and services, covering almost the entire spectrum of industrial activities, including manufacturing and services. IDBI set ups monetary assistance, two in rupee and foreign currencies, for green-field projects as also for expansion, modernisation and diversification purposes. In the wake of financial sector reforms unveiled by the government since 1992, IDBI evolved an line up of fund and fee-based services with a view to providing an integrated solution to meet the entire demand of financial and corporate advisory take inments of its nodes. IDBI also translates in treat financial assistance by way of refinancing of loans extended by State-level financial institutions and banks and by way of rediscounting of bills of exchange arising out of sale of indigenous machinery on deferred payment terms.IDBI has wagered a pioneering role, particularly in the pre-reform era (1964-91),in catalyzing broad based industrial ontogeny in the country in keeping with its Government-ordained increase banking charter. In criminal prosecution of this mandate, IDBIs activities transcended the confines of pure long-term lending to industry and encompassed, among others, balanced industrial growth through development of backward areas, modernisation of specific industries, employment generation, entrepreneurship development along with accept services for creating a deep and vibrant domestic capital market, including development of apposite institutional framework.Narasimam committee recommends that IDBI should give up its direct financing makes and concentrate only in promotional and refinancing role. But this recommendation was rejected by the government. Latter RBI constituted a committee under the chairmanship of S.H.Khan to examine the concept of development financing in the changed global challenges. This committee is the first to recommend the concept of universal banking. The committee wanted to the development financial institution to diversify its activity. It recommended to harmonise the role of development financing and banking activities by getting away from the conventional distinction between commercial banking and developmental banking.In folk 2003, IDBI diversified its business domain further by acquiring the entire shareholding of Tata Finance hold in in Tata Home finance Ltd., signaling IDBIs unclothe into the retail finance sector. The fully-owned housing finance subsidiary has since been renamed IDBI Home finance Limited. In view of the signal changes in the operating environment, following initiation of reforms since the primordial mid-nineties, Government of India has decided to transform IDBI into a commercial bank wi thout eschewing its secular development finance obligations. The migration to the sassy business model of commercial banking, with its gateway to low- equal current, savings bank deposits, would help overcome most of the limitations of the current business model of development finance while simultaneously enabling it to diversify its guest/ asset base. Towards this end, the IDB (Transfer of Undertaking and set aside) Act 2003 was passed by Parliament in declination 2003. The Act provides for repeal of IDBI Act, corporatisation of IDBI (with majority Government holding current share 58.47%) and vicissitude into a commercial bank.The provisions of the Act have come into force from July 2, 2004 in terms of a Government Notification to this effect. The Notification facilitated formation, incorporation and accommodation of Industrial Development Bank of India Ltd. as a company under the Companies Act, 1956 and a deemed Banking Company under the Banking Regulation Act 1949 and helped in obtaining inevitable regulative and statutory clearances, including those from RBI. IDBI would commence banking business in accordance with the provisions of the parvenue Act in addition to the business being transacted under IDBI Act, 1964 from October 1, 2004, the Appointed insure notified by the Central Government. IDBI has firmed up the infrastructure, technology platform and reorientation of its human capital to achieve a smooth transition.IDBI Bank, with which the parent IDBI was merged, was a vibrant new generation Bank. The Pvt Bank was the fastest growing banking company in India. The bank was pioneer in adapting to policy of first mover in stratum 2 cities. The Bank also had the least NPA and the highest productivity per employee in the banking industry.On July 29, 2004, the Board of Directors of IDBI and IDBI Bank accorded in principle approval to the merger of IDBI Bank with the Industrial Development Bank of India Ltd. to be formed incorporated under the Compan ies Act, 1956 pursuant to the IDB (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2003 (53 of 2003), subject to the approval of shareholders and other regulatory and statutory approvals. A mutually profitable proposition with positive implications for all stakeholders and clients, the merger process is expected to be completed during the current financial year ending March 31, 2005.IDBI would continue to provide the extant products and services as part of its development finance role even after its conversion into a banking company. In addition, the new entity would also provide an array of wholesale and retail banking products, designed to suit the specific needs cash flow requirements of corporates and individuals. In particular, IDBI would leverage the strong corporate relationships built up over the years to offer customised and total financial solutions for all corporate business needs, single-window appraisal for term loans and working capital finance, strategic advisory and hand-h olding condescend at the implementation phase of projects, among others.IDBIs transformation into a commercial bank would provide a gateway to low-cost deposits like Current and Savings Bank Deposits. This would have a positive impact on the Banks overall cost of funds and facilitate lending at more competitive rates to its clients. The new entity would offer various retail products, leveraging upon its existing relationship with retail investors under its existing Suvidha Flexi-bond schemes. In the emerging scenario, the new IDBI hopes to realize its mission of fix itself as a one stop super-shop and most preferred brand for providing total financial and banking solutions to corporates and individuals, capitalising on its intimate knowledge of the Indian industry and client requirements and large retail base on the liability side.Recent developmentsTo meet emerging challenges and to keep up with reforms in financial sector, IDBI has taken steps to mold its role from a developmen t finance institution to a commercial institution. With the Industrial Development Bank (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2003, IDBI attained the status of a contain company viz. Industrial Development Bank of India Limited (IDBIL). Subsequently, the Central Government notified October 1, 2004 as the Appointed Date and RBI issued the requisite notification on September 30, 2004 incorporating IDBI Ltd. as a scheduled bank under the RBI Act, 1934. Consequently, IDBI, the erstwhile Development Financial Institution of the country, formally entered the portals of banking business as IDBIL from October 1, 2004, over and preceding(prenominal) the business currently being transacted.Acquisition of United Western BankIn 2006, IDBI Bank acquired United Western Bank in a rescue. Annasaheb Chirmule, who worked for the cause of Swadeshi movement, founded Satara Swadeshi Commercial Bank in 1907, and some three decades later founded United Western Bank. The bank was incorporated in 1936 , and commenced operations the next year, with its caput office in Satara, in Maharashtra State. It became a Scheduled Bank in 1951. In 1956 it merged with Union Bank of Kolhapur, and in 1961 with Satara Swadeshi Commercial Bank. At the magazine of the merger with IDBI, United Western had some 230 branches spread over 47 districts in 9 states, controlled by five Zonal Offices at Mumbai, Pune, Kolhapur, Jalgaon and Nagpur.Main function of IDBIIDBI is vested with the responsibility of co-ordinating the working of institutions engaged in financing, promoting and developing industries. It has evolved an appropriate mechanism for this purpose. IDBI also undertakes/supports wide-ranging promotional activities including entrepreneurship development programmes for new entrepreneurs, provision of consultancy services for fine and medium enterprises, upgradation of technology and programmes for economic upliftment of the underprivileged.IDBI role as catalystIDBIs role as a catalyst to indu strial development encompasses a wide spectrum of activities. IDBI can finance all types of industrial concerns covered under the provisions of the IDBI Act. With over three decades of service to the Indian industry, IDBI has grown substantially in terms of size of operations and portfolio.Development activities of IDBI and promotionl activitiesIn fulfilment of its developmental role, the Bank continues to perform a wide range of promotional activities relating to developmental programmes for new entrepreneurs, consultancy services for small and medium enterprises and programmes designed for accredited voluntary agencies for the economic upliftment of the underprivileged. These include entrepreneurship development, self-employment and wage employment in the industrial sector for the weaker sections of society through voluntary agencies, support to Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Parks, Energy Conservation, Common Quality Testing Centres for small industries.Evolution Changing RoleThe genesis of Industrial Development Bank of India Limited (IDBI Ltd.) can be traced to the establishment of The Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), its predecessor entity, in 1964, by an Act of Parliament to provide credit and other facilities for the development of industry. IDBIs charter was later broad-based to also encompass the responsibilities of principal financial institution for co-ordinating the working of National and State-level institutions engaged in financing, promoting and developing industry. Initially set up as a fully-owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the ownership of IDBI was later transferred to the Government of India in 1976. Although Government shareholding in the Bank came down below 100% following IDBIs public issue in July 1995, the former continues to be the major shareholder(currentshareholding51.4%).Cumulative assistance sanctioned and disbursed by IDBI since inception up to end-September 2004 aggregated round Rs.2,23 ,000 crore and Rs 1,78,000 crore respectively. IDBIs asset base stood in the vicinity of Rs. 63,850 crore at end-September2004.As a considered response to changes in its operating environment following initiation of reforms since the early nineties and the resultant concerns of IDBIs sustained viability therein in its current avatar, IDBI, in consultation with the Government of India, decided to transform into a commercial bank without eschewing its secular development finance obligations. The migration to the new business model of commercial banking, with its gateway to low-cost current/savings bank deposits, it was felt, would help overcome most of the limitations of the current business model of development finance while simultaneously enabling it to diversify its client/asset base.Towards this end, the IDBI (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act 2003 was passed by Parliament on December 16, 2003 and received the Presidents assent on December 30, 2003. The provisions of the Act came into force from July 2, 2004 in terms of a Government Notification to this effect. The Notification enabled IDBI to obtain the requisite statutory and regulatory approvals, including those from RBI, for conversion into a banking company. The new company viz. Industrial Development Bank of India Limited (IDBIL) was incorporated on September 27, 2004 and the recorder of Companies, Mumbai, issued the certificate for commencement of business to IDBI Ltd. on September 28, 2004. Subsequently, the Central Government notified October 1, 2004 as the Appointed Date and RBI issued the requisite notification on September 30, 2004 incorporating IDBI Ltd. as a scheduled bank under the RBI Act, 1934. Consequently, IDBI, the erstwhile Development Financial Institution of the country, formally entered the portals of banking business as IDBIL from October 1, 2004, over and above the business currently being transacted.IDBI Ltd. is registered as a company under the Companies Act, 1956 to carry out banking business in accordance with the provisions of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. The IDBI Repeal Act, 2003 enabled IDBI to become a banking company without the need to obtain a separate banking licence under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. IDBI Ltd. will enjoy certain regulatory forbearance, including exemption from compliance with SLR requirements (mandated under the Banking Regulation Act) for the first five years. All existing shareholders of the erstwhile IDBI, including the Central Government, have become pro-rata shareholders of IDBI Ltd. from the appointed date. Further, the provisions of the Memorandum and Articles of fellowship of IDBI Ltd. require that the Central Government, as a shareholder of the Company, shall, at all times, maintain not less than 51% of the issued capital of the company.The authorized capital of IDBI Ltd, has been reduced to Rs.1250 crore from Rs.1500 crore (the authorized capital of erstwhile IDBI) in conformity with the provision of th e Banking Regulation Act. The p assist-up capital of the Company, at Rs.653 crore, however, remains the same as the paid-up capital of the erstwhile IDBIRole of Financial Institutions in opposed enthronement in IndiaThe main role of the financial institutions in India in respect to foreign investments is to aid foreign investors in investment activities in India. The funds from overseas countries come in two forms Foreign direct investitures and Joint Ventures of the foreign companies with Indian companies.Foreign direct investments inflows are approved through automatic route or through government route. Those units that require government approval to get funds require the FIPB approval. Foreign Direct Investment through automatic route, on the other hand, does not require FIPB approval. All these allocation of financial assistance to various industrial units in India are guided by the financial institutions set up in various parts of India. Some of the leading financial institu tions in India that play an important role in foreign investments in India are RBI, IDBI Bank, IFCI Bank, ICICI Limited and EXIM Bank.Role of IDBI in Foreign InvestmentThe role of IDBI in Foreign Investment is mainly to provide financial assistance on a consortium basis to various industrial units in India which are mainly involved in manufacturing or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power.Main Functions of IDBIIDBI coordinates between various financial institutions who are highly involved in provide financial assistance, promoting, and developing various industrial unitsIDBI is also engaged in a variety of promotional activities such as development programs for the fresh entrepreneurs, planning of consultancy services for some(prenominal) the small scale enterprises and the medium sized industrial unitsIDBI works for the advancement of technology and other welfare schemes to ensure economic development.Industrial Development Bank of India acts as a catalyst in various industrial development programsIDBI provides financial assistance to all kinds of industrial units which comes under the provisions of the IDBI ActIDBI has served various industrial sectors in India for about three years and has grown leaps and bounds in its size and operating unitsRole of IDBI in Foreign InvestmentIt manages various financial institutions working under IDBI bankProvides financial assistance to various industrial units in terms of developmentsIt also offers refinancing options including term loans to the suitable financial institutionsIt provides financial backing to the industrial units that are involved in manufacture or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power both in private and public sectorsIt also provides finance to various projects, expansion of any project, diversifications, or even developing the projects which will exceed Rs. 30 million and it also provides funding to those projects which cost less than Rs. 30 million through indirect means as it offers refinancing to the main financial institutions such as SFC/SIDC/Commercial BanksArticlesIDBI Bank July-Sep net up 57 pct, beats fcastState-owned IDBI Ltd on Monday posted a 57 percent rise in July-September net profit, helped by growth in both the net interest income and fee-based income, beating analyst forecasts. Net profit of the bank for the second quarter was at 2.54 cardinal rupees, up from 1.62 billion rupees a year ago. A Reuters poll of brokerages had estimated profits at 1.95 billion rupees. Profitability grew on the back of good growth in the net interest income and fee-based income front, Yogesh Agarwal, chairman and managing director, told reporters at a press conference.The banks net interest income rose to 4.72 billion rupees, up from 1.29 billion rupees a year ago, while fee-based income rose 99 percent to 3.90 billion rupees. Its net interest margin rose to 1.07 percent, up from 0.41 percent a year ago w ith cost of deposits coming down as high cost deposits were getting retired, Agarwal said. Core income helped profits grow for the bank, said an analyst in a Mumbai-based brokerage, on condition of anonymity. The bank, with a capital adequacy ratio of 11.9 percent, is hold for government approval to swipe funds for growth.Government owns around 52 percent in the bank and it will have to take a call on modes of capital-raising to be made available to the bank, he said. We hope to tap the (capital) market by January 2010, subject to government deciding on mode of capital raising to be adopted by the bank, he said. Its capital adequacy at tier I level was at 6.83 percent, while that in the tier II segment was at 5.07 percent. The bank will also raise $225 million via syndicated loans to meet its growth targets, R.K. Bansal, chief financial officer, said adding the bank is targeting a loan growth of 20 percent in the current fiscal. We will be signing for this foreign currency loan to morrow, he said. The loan will be for a one-year upgrade with an all-inclusive cost of 6.2 percent.The bank which would open its first foreign branch in Dubai has an enabling resolution to raise up to $1.5 billion via medium term notes in foreign currency, Bansal said adding it can be raised only after the lender has a foreign presence as per Reserve Bank of India guidelines.The cash strapped Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), has got a line of credit of $100 million from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The institution has also reached the final stages of an arrangement with KfW of Germany for co-financing of infrastructure projects along with the line of credit (LoC)from ADB. This comes as a great help to the FI at a time when it is starved of funds. The funds will be lent against private infrastructure projects in four states namely Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. In fact, IDBI is not the only institution to have got it. IIL FS too has got a $1 00 million LoC from ADB.The duration of loan from ADB will be 20 years on a floating rate basis. It will be lent at LIBOR plus 60 basis point. The boards of ADB and both the FIs have cleared the loan proposal and the signing of the documents will take place in the next 10 to 15 days. The KfW deal is being negotiated and is likely to be taken up at the latest Indo-German meeting. KfW is a development bank for developing countries that operate on behalf of the German Government. The rates in the case of KfW are likely to be very close to the rates offered by ADB. But in the case of KfW, the tenure of the payments is going to be longer in the range of 25 years.In fact, the borrowings of IDBI have been growing sharply. From Rs. 37,861 crore in 1997, it has kaput(p) up to Rs. 56,057 crore as on June 30, 2001. Of this, the borrowings outside India had grown from Rs. 5660 crore in 1997 to Rs. 7,913 crore as on June 30, 2001. In fact, IDBI along with NABARD have been requesting the RBI and the Government to extend the tenure of long-term operations funds availed by the institution from the RBI till 1990. These were taken off following the start of economic reforms in 1991.

Meritocracy in UK Education: Bernstein and Bourdieu

Meritocracy in UK Education Bernstein and BourdieuEducation policy in the UK now contri furtheres to a more(prenominal) meritocratic society. Discuss the various explanations that sociologists have offered for differences in educational outcomesIntroductionMany policy developments regarding education have had as their express aim the destiny to make the education system fairer (including the 1870 and 1944 Education Acts and the 1988 Education Reform Act, which introduced the National Curriculm) that is, to achieve a position in which educational acquirement reflects childrens innate(p) ability.1 However, despite these manifest aims the basic pattern of educational achievement remains stratified along lines of severalise, race and gender in general, children from center(a) and upper household families (as defined by the occupational grouping of the father) tend to achieve both a longer and more qualified education (see Douglas, 1964 or Halsey et al, 1980). Similarly, race differ entials of development be also evident (see Orr, 2003). Finally, educational outcomes, despite successive attempts to overcome them, remain gendered girls tend to be concentrated within the feminine subjects such(prenominal) as English, whilst boys tend to do better in mathematics and the sciences (see Thomas, 1990). However, the largest factor affecting educational outcomes in the UK remains discipline this is non to say that all functional class children fail educationally however, there remains a strong correlation betwixt brotherly class and achievement levels.Thus, despite a far-flung belief in the meritocratic nature of modern western society this belief may in fact be little more than a legitimating ideology it is therefore the unequal educational outcomes of children with similar natural abilities that social theorists have sought to explain. However, as some theoretical sexual climaxes have been utilised in this attempt as the number of theorists so involved theori sts with liberal, conservative, feminist and socialist leanings may further show actor-centred, structuralist or functionalist tendencies to their explanatory schemas. In this essay I have decided to concentrate on the work of two theorists, Pierre Bourdieu and sweet basil Bernstein, my reasoning is threefold first-class honours degreely, space limitations negate the feasibility of a broader muckle next, though Bernstein was previously influential within educational surmisal, it is the work of Bourdieu that now appears ascendant and to have wider applicability finally, whilst both Pierre Bourdieu and Basil Bernstein have been associated with class-based analysis, it is that of Bourdieu that has after been more widely adopted, therefore they provide neatly contrasting explanations of educational differentials.In the next section I outline the educational theory of Basil Bernstein in the following that of Pierre Bourdieu. In the conclusion, I critically asses both approaches, argui ng that, whilst at first glance they appear similar in that they both aim to account predominantly for the class-based dimension to educational differentials, in fact it is the more subtle and nuanced theory of Bourdieu that is better able to account for educational differentials of a wider caseful those based on gender, race, and class.Basil Bernstein The Elaborated and Restricted CodesBasil Bernstein (1925-2000) initially developed his account of the elaborated and restricted economys during his time t apieceing untried men motorcycle repair in the 1960s. It was then that he noticed the different ways in which language was used by the tutors and pupils, leading him to shut that it was in fact two different forms of language that were universe used the restricted and elaborated codes. He defined the restricted code as being inherently context bound, emotion based and reliant on condensed symbols restricted codes atomic number 18 more tied to a local structure and have a reduc ed potential for change (Bernstein, 1972 164). In contrast, the elaborated codes orient their users towards universalistic meanings (Ibid.) and argon defined by Bernstein as utilising rationality and logic elaborated codes are thus described by Bernstein as being context-free it is the elaborated code that Bernstein takes to be dominant within education.Bernstein believed that the elaborated language code is the norm for the middle classes, whilst the restricted code is usually used both within working-class and middle-class families, with differences the result of the heathen transmission, via socialisation, that turns the biological infant into a heathen being (Bernstein, 1972 162). He argued that the process of socialisation naturalises the social order and occurs via social institutions such as the family and school. He identified two family types the positional and the person-centred, and these are probably to utilise specific modes of interaction (Bernstein, 1972 170). Argu ing that all children have access to the restricted code, Bernstein believed that it is only those from the person-centred family type (the middle-class families) who are likely to have had timed contact with the imaginative and interpersonal language of the elaborated code outside of formal education, giving them an advantage within educationHistorically and now, only a tiny percentage of the population has been socialised into knowledge at the level of meta-languages of control and innovation, whereas the mass of the population has been socialised into knowledge at the level of context-tied trading operations (Bernstein, 1972 163).In short, the language used within the home gives middle class children an advantage at school they speak the same language as the teachers. Bernstein does not argue that either mode is better than the other, his aims to be a descriptive, rather than a prescriptive, account instead he argues that it is the educational system itself that favours one cod e above the other and thus privileges the children of one group, middle-class children.Pierre Bourdieu Cultural CapitalSimilar to Bernstein, Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002) developed his theory of ethnic capital as part of an attempt to explain the class-based educational differentials between children with similar natural abilities. Two concepts are central to this schema those of cultural capital and cultural reproduction. In the first, culture is viewed as similar to power (Bourdieu, 1986 243) be take, like money, one is able to inherit it and it can be translated into other social resources, including wealth and status (Bourdieu, 1986 244-5). It is this transferability of cultural capital that leads to the second tell concept, that of cultural reproduction for in this schema the class that dominates economically is also able to dominate culturally and ideologically thus, as well as to Bernstein, schools play a key role in socio-cultural reproduction by valuing middle-class cultur e more highly than that of the working-classes.Bourdieu isolates three distinct types of cultural capital, embodied, objectified and send the first describes the way that cultural capital makes incorporated into the very body of the individual (Bourdieu, 1986 244-5) the second refers to artefacts which may be inherited (Bourdieu, 1986 246) whilst the third refers to those academic qualifications which permit an individual access to economic capital via the job market (Bourdieu, 1986 247). In this way schools, along with other institutions, help to both naturalise and perpetuate inequality. lovelyred economic capital for Karl Marx, for Bourdieu cultural capital has the capacity to reproduce itself in identical or expanded form (Bourdieu, 1986 241).In short, for Bourdieu education plays a key role in legitimising and naturalising social inequality for if all children are believed to have equal opportunities to succeed according to their ability then any failure mustiness be a re sult of differences in their level of ability it must be their own fault rather than the fault of the system as a whole. Bourdieu posits the educational shortcomings of the working classes on their situational constraints in two ways firstly, the objective class position of the childrens family is used to provide the basis for assumptions regarding the kind of cultural resources they therefore hold secondly, their social position limits the amount and type of capital an individual is likely to accrue and pass on to their children. Within Bourdieus theory, each economic class is thus assumed to have developed a class culture, or way of both acting in and perceiving the social world, and in this way social inequality is internalised or embodied as it is also naturalised.Analysis and ConclusionThe two approaches appear similar at first glance both concentrate on the class-based aspects of educational inequality, and, as such, both are open to the criticism that they fail to account for other educational differences, such as those resulting from race or gender (McCall, 1992 851). Further, both approaches are liable to be criticised for their economic determinism John Frow has argued that with Bourdieus approach the cultural resources of an individual are merely assumed from their class position (Frow, 1995 63) and this criticism might equally be applied to Bernstein. Finally, both approaches entail the idea that differential educational achievement is best explained with references to barriers to achievement both posit the way that society is organised, the education system in particular, as itself limiting the ability of some children to succeed.However, Bernsteins theory has been criticised empirically, theoretically and ideologically first, little empirical is cited to support his hypothesis and he conducted no participation observation of either middle or working class family homes (Rosen, 1974 10). Theoretically, Bernstein utilises a crude conception of class analysis which ignores the ruling class entirely whilst also concentrating solely on the unskilled section of the working class (Rosen, 1974 6). He fails to address the relations between the two classes (Ibid.), further, by concentrating on the role of the family his theory fails to acknowledge other institutions or the role of peer groups or the media (Rosen, 1974 7). Finally, he fails to acknowledge the effect that the attitude of the teacher toward their students may have on their education. Whilst there is a grain of truth to his argument, in that there are differences in the language use of the various social classes, by attributing the failure of working class children solely to their language-use Bernstein misses the point it is not the language that inherently contains power, but rather it is the broader education system that, by imposing middle-class culture via pedagogic authority, limits the ability of working class children to succeed. Although he aims to only describe the differences between the two language types, Bernstein himself falls into the ethno-linguistic trap of believing his own language use to be the superior form (Rosen, 1974 6). Finally, as Deborah Cameron states the theory of codes could be boil down to a political truism, those who do not speak the language of the dominant elite find it difficult to get on (Cameron, 1985 159-160).Bourdieus approach is more subtle although he agues, similarly to Bernstein, that language plays a key role in the under achievement of the working classes, Bourdieus explanation involves many other factors, including the development of a specific habitus, or set of predispositions, and the social, cultural and economic capitals. Thus Bourdieu does not point to language as the sole cause of working-class childrens educational failure, but instead describes a complex process that not only attempts to account for this failure but also its internalisation. Indeed, Bourdieus theory is supported by in-depth p articipation-observation, rather than the assumption and anecdote of Bernstein, reflecting his recognition of the complexity of the causes of unequal educational achievement.In recent years Bernsteins theory, though once influential, has fallen out of favour within educational sociology, as a quick survey of recent articles reveals, whilst the theory of cultural capital has become increasingly influential (Burkett, 2001). Whilst at first glance the theories appear similar, in fact it is the theory of Bourdieu that is better able to account for educational differentials of a wider type those based on gender, race, and class and many theorists have sought to thus extend the theory to account for these wider differentials (see, for example, McNay, 1999 Reay, 2004). Indeed, Ben Fine has argued that academia has been gripped by a kind of capital mania (in Burkett, 2004 234), in part, at least, attesting to the strength of the explanatory schema.BibliographyBernstein, Basil (1972) Social Class, manner of speaking and Socialisation, Language and Social Context Selected Readings, Giglioli, Pier Paolo (Ed.), capital of the United Kingdom Penguin Education, pp. 157-178.Bourdieu, Pierre (1986) The forms of Capital in Handbook of speculation and Research for the Sociology of Education, Richardson, J (Ed.), London Greenwood Press, pp. 241-258.Burkett, Paul (2001) Book Review Social Capital versus Social Theory Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the Millennium by Ben Fine, London Routledge, Historical Materialism, Vol. 12, no 1, pp. 233-246.Cameron, Deborah (1985) Beyond Alienation An Integrational Approach to Women and Language, Feminism and Linguistic Theory, London MacMillan, pp 134 161.Douglas, J.W.B (1964) The Home and the School A Study of Ability and Attainment in the Primary School, London MacGibbon.Frow, John (1995) Accounting for Tastes almost Problems in Bourdieus Sociology of Culture, Cultural Studies, Vol. 1(No. 1), pp. 59-73.Halsey, A.H H eath, A Ridge, J.M (1980) Origins and Destinations Family Class and Education in Modern Britain, Oxford Clarendon Press.McNay, Lois (1999) Gender, Habitus and the Field Pierre Bourdieu and the Limits of Reflexivity, Theory, Culture and Society, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 95-117.Orr, Amy (2003) Black-White Differences in Achievement The Importance of Wealth, Sociology of Education, Vol. 76, pp. 281-304.Piper, David Warren (1984) The Question of Fairness, Is Higher Education Fair to Women?, Acker, Sandra and Piper, David Warren (Eds.), Guilford SRHE and NFER-NELSON, pp. 3-24.Reay, Diane (2004) Its all Becoming a Habitus Beyond the Habitual use of Habitus in Educational Research, British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 431-444.Rosen, Harold (1974 1972) Language and Class A particular Look at the Theories of Basil Bernstein (3rd Ed.), Bristol Falling Wall Press.Thomas, Kim (1990) The Question of Gender and Feminism and Education in Gender and Subject in Higher Educatio n, Buckingham SRHE impart University Press, pp. 1 23.1Footnotes1 See David Warren Piper (1984) for a discussion regarding the feasibility of attaining true fairness in education.

Are Humans Naturally Bad Or Good Philosophy Essay

Are Hu small-arms Naturally Bad Or Good Philosophy EssayI believe that human being be naturally bad because our base mentality is one of devilish. Hundreds of thousands of years ago, human beings fought unnecessary wars, tortured prisoners, raped, murdered, and pillaged. Not surprisingly, all of that lock in occurs in todays society. The being we stick out in is an essentially bad one. Radical vigilantes bomb cities, open fire in crowded places, and incite disastrous riots every day. From looking at the world around us and seeing our degeneration, it is ludicrous to believe that we ar naturally good. Although the evolutionary process has instilled a modicum of civility and humanity in us, we be still naturally evil beings.Thomas Hobbes recognizes the evil nature of humans and paints a very blatant picture of it in Leviathan. He states that laws were devised for the sole purpose of tutelage our evil nature in check. Without them, our base instincts would resurface and chaos w ould reign supreme. That is why Hobbes was in favor of authoritarian governments they were necessary to keep us down the stairs control. Basically, they are needed to protect us from ourselves. Hobbes also states that our true natures arise in times of strife. For example, in war-torn countries, civilians kill and steal form for each one other in order to survive. Self-preservation is one of the most natural of human compulsions and we will do anything to survive. Hobbes also asks an interesting question to those who believe that human are good. He asks that if humans are so benevolent in nature, then why do we lock our doors at night and guard our possessions? By doing so, we are unconsciously recognizing the evil nature of humans.Hsun Tzu also maintained that mans nature is inherently evil. He believed that humans are natural evil, but it is a teachers responsibility to develop them and reign in those evil instincts and eradicate them. Although he has valid points, it is still unrealistic to think that mans naturally evil instincts can be curbed so easily. Those smothered instincts that have been stored away in the annals of the human psyche will resurface eventually. It is also unrealistic to think that one can make man good simply by means of education. If anything, education leads to evil because it has the power to corrupt.Those who oppose Hobbes and say that humans are naturally good are, frankly, idealists. The Chinese philosopher Mencius states that humans are naturally good and that ones component influence their nature. The idea of ones circumstances influencing their nature is ridiculous. One may be unfortunate enough to be born into less than favorable circumstances, but it is up to that person to overcome them. Yes, one can become embittered and callous by their debilitating situation, but to say that their circumstances influence their nature is to give a justification for bad behavior.Attributed to Plato, the idea that love can make one g ood has become another elevated opinion for many. Plato stated that love is one of, if not the most, natural emotions that humans have, thus we are naturally good because love itself is good. While love is a very fulfilling emotion that can lead to veer within a person, that change is not always for the better. Love has led to wars, murders, and the destruction of kingdoms, throughout history. For example, Helen of troy weight and the iconic war fought over her. Her love for a foreign prince led to the deaths of thousands of soldiers and civilians and the complete destruction of an empire. Another example is Henry VIII and his love for Anne Boleyn. He divorced his queen, broke with the Catholic Church, and tore his country apart in order to marry his mistress. Perhaps the most common examples of how love can change a person are domestic violence cases. In simpler terms, love often leads to recklessness, irrationality, impairment of judgment, and, in some cases, bad behavior in an individual.In 20th century opinions, the idea of Nature vs. Nurture was believed by some. Nature meaning that we are born with whatever behavior we exhibit, and nurture meaning that our horticulture has the ability to mold us into what we are. The scientist Edward O. Wilson stated that if the process of natural selection has set our biological functions, then natural selection must have determined the operations of our brains. Basically speaking, he believed that humans are born with whatever nature they possess, therefore validating my argument that we are born evil.At the arctic end of the philosophical spectrum, the anthropologist Ruth Benedict wrote that ones culture and its social norm has the ability to mold that individual into a good or bad being. erstwhile again, the concept of ones surroundings influencing their nature is introduced. Benedict basically gives the same justification for bad behavior that Mencius gave thousands of years earlier.In conclusion, humans are i nherently evil in nature because it is our base mentality. Sadly, it is a part of us that is unchangeable and, try as one might, it cannot be quelled by education or instruction, nor can it be influenced by our culture or surroundings. We are born the way we are, and we must accept it.

A Rose for Emily Setting Analysis Essay -- essays papers

A Rose for Emily Setting Analysis In A Rose for Emily, a woman (for whom the story is named) confines herself in her somewhat large house in a small town during the early half(a) of the twentieth century. For the most part, in order to understand the entirety of the story, it is vital to understand the setting and how each character develops it, and,or, interacts with it.As far as the town is concerned, it is very isolated and the people seem to value this quality, as well as the lack of progression in social change, most. There is also a great deal of gossip that regularly circulates about the towns people with great interest. All this was best implied in the small talk, At first we were glad that Miss Emily would cede an interest, because the ladies all verbalise Of course a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer. But there were still others, older people, who said that even grief could not cause a real lady to forget noblesse oblige -- witho ut calling it noblesse oblige(719). This is a comment on Emilys relationship with construction work...

Red Badge of Courage Essay: Isolation -- Red Badge Courage Essays

Isolation in The Red Badge of Courage Stephen Cranes literary technique has long been a matter of analysis and speculation. In The Red Badge of Courage Crane takes us into the life of a young gentleman named heat content Fleming, who wants to enlist in the Army and fight in the war against the South. By using irony, similes, and symbols, Crane paints a vivid picture of what life was homogeneous for the fragile Henry Fleming. He opens our eyes to the vast reasons of separation for Fleming, and why he lived his life so independently. The precarious, vulnerable, and insecure Henry Fleming was isolated from more than honorable his family and his regiment he was isolated from himself. As the narrative, The Red Badge of Courage, opens, Henry and his mother are engaged in a quarrel about Henry leaving to join the Army. By going against his mothers wishes and disobeying her, he isolates himself from his family. This isolation is imperative to the way Henry lives his life during his t ime in the Army. Moral support is something that a family, especially a mother, provides for a child, but because Henry has disa... ...s effort. Works Cited Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Interpretations Stephan Cranes The Red Badge of Courage. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. Logan, IA matinee idol Learning Corporation, 1999. Gibson, Donald B. The Red Badge of Courage Redefining the Hero. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1988. Wolford, Chester L. Stephen Crane. Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Ed. Frank N. Magill. English Language Series. Vol. 2. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Salem Press, 1991.