The Debate on How Urban Middle-Class Identities Have Changed Essay

The Debate on How Urban Middle-Class Identities Have Changed materialism is the new karma. (Pavan K Varma, 2005)Whilst numerical estimates of the Indian middle classes vary drastically, media images contribute to their portrayal as affluent consumers- participants in the IT boom in urban centres such as Hyderabad and those revelling in Indias condition as a call centre superpower, particularly thought to symbolise a new urban middle class. Varmas quote encapsulates the astonishing effect mass culture is thought to have had upon Indian identity, especially those who occupy this middle ground of enjoyment. This spectrum ranges from the lower middle-class youth, such as the aforementioned call-centre workers whose parents often experience a very different lifestyle, to the upper middle classes whose educational heritage has enabled them to maintain their class status over a longer period. Hence it is clear that the nonion of an urban middle class within the Indian context is uniquel y problematic, being internally differentiated- encompassing great variety in factors such as culture, language and religious belief, while of course attempting to reconcile the existence of the caste system as a further, but importantly distinctive form of hierarchy to class. As Fernandes notes, the very question of defining what Beteille termed the most polymorphous middle class in the world, itself represents a site of political debate in both academic and public discourses. Additionally there is a marked transition mingled with what is considered the old middle-classes and the new middle-class. Whereas the former has its origins in the colonial encounter, the latter, since liberalisation policies initiated by Rajiv Gandhi in the 1980s came to fruition, has become increasingly defined by its consumption patterns, most apparent in an era of a global economy. Fernandes writes that this overwhelming focus on consumption has somewhat neglected the impact of structural socioeconomic changes in the middle classes.(Fernandes, 2000). At various points these intersect with shifting economic conditions, such as kinship changes affecting the upwardly mobile, however they are not always resultant of the status jockeying of these newly prosperous classes. (Vatuk, 1972). Thus while the transformative cause of liberalisation may appear to have directly visible effects upon t... ...m Press. (Forthcoming)L. Fernandes, Nationalizing the Global Media Images, ethnical Politics and the Middle-Class in India. Media, Culture & Society, vol 22, no 5 (2000)L. Fernandes, Restructuring the Middle-Classes in Liberalizing India. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle-East vol xx, nos.1&2 (2000) J. Harriss, The Great Tradition Globalizes Reflections on ii Studies of The Industrial Leaders of Madras. Modern Asian Studies, vol 37, no 2 (2003) pp 327-362.W. Mazzarella, Shovelling Smoke Advertising and Globalization in Contemporary India (2003)S.Nanda, Arranging a Marr iage in India (1992)F. Osella and C. Osella, Social Mobility in Kerala (2000) Chapter 4Michael Reder (Editor), Conversations with Salman Rushdie (2000)S. Tharoor, Charlis and I in India from Midnight to the Millennium (1997)M. Van Wessel, 2004. Talking About Consumption How an Indian Middle Class Dissociates from Middle-Class Life. Cultural Dynamics, vol 16, no 1 (2004)P. Varma, Being Indian The Truth about Why the 21st Century Will Be Indias (2005)S. Vatuk, kinship and Urbanization in India Kinship and in India. (1972) Chapters 5 and 6.